How To Write A AWPE Essay Sample

How To Write A AWPE Essay SampleAn AWPE essay sample is a pre-assigned form that students use to receive feedback for their papers. The student must complete the essay, along with the accompanying report, before being permitted to submit it for final grading. When submitting the paper, students are not required to indicate whether they have completed the assignment or not.To make sure that the essay is properly graded, many schools require the student to complete the writing portion of the assignment before they send the paper. It is also important to keep in mind that the teacher may require a more in-depth look at a paper than simply marking it.In most cases, the teacher will work with the student to complete the entire essay. While there is some flexibility in the way in which grades are given, it is typically the school's expectation that students write an essay on their own.While this may seem like a daunting task, the sample requests that the student follow certain instructions . In order to avoid any problems that may arise during the writing process, it is recommended that the student first review the outlines provided to them.The outline will outline what is expected to be covered, as well as the expectations for what will be covered in the body of the essay. It will also include all major points that are required to be covered and details of how the essay should end. Some teachers even expect students to supply their own essay prompts.In order to ensure that they are getting their essays the proper amount of attention, students should always make sure that they study the samples closely. Writing requires discipline, but it is not necessary to become so disciplined that you lose track of what you should be doing. An AWPE essay sample is a valuable tool in keeping you on track with what is required to be done.The essay sample will include questions that the student is expected to answer in order to move on to the next section. By answering these question s, the student is gaining more information about the topic, which will help them when completing the rest of the assignments. It is important to remember that by answering all of the questions, you are merely helping the student reach a certain goal.After the student has been given an essay prompt, they should always take time to fully read through the outline and the entire body of the assignment. It is important to consider everything that is going to be included in the work, because this will help the student reach their own goals for the essay. By asking questions as well as reading through the outline, the student is better able to complete the work and complete it well.

Obscenity in Music Essay Topics

Obscenity in Music Essay TopicsThe first major development in writing about obscenity in music was the discovery that it was all in the public domain. Public domain works include new compositions that are based on material that is already in the public domain, meaning that the author of the piece has the right to copy and distribute it. Obscenity in music essay topics is best defined by the particular artist's goal in writing the piece and any restrictions or requirements from the editor.For example, if the composition contains explicit sex lyrics, then the editor should indicate that in the notes section. It is important to note that only one instance of the same word should be considered for inclusion in an essay on music.One is encouraged to revise the piece after publication to ensure that it matches the standards of the type of paper being presented. In particular, the assignment will usually contain the author's name and a web address. This can be used for the purpose of retrie ving essays or works for publication as a future printing.If an editor does not want to print the essay topics, he or she may choose to publish them as a hard-copy edition. This will often include annotations from the author stating that the piece is not intended for commercial use. If the essays are intended for peer review, they should indicate that in the comments section.Of course, essays presented by a book reviewer or a college writing assignment will not generally be offered for free distribution. However, in these cases it would be possible to request a section cut to make the paper more appealing to the public.There may also be legal restrictions that prevent the issue from being handled by the article printer. The prohibition could be that the document cannot be distributed without permission of the author.It is important to note that artists should be free to write about any form of song lyrics, no matter how explicit they may be. They should also be allowed to write abou t any musical genre, be it jazz, pop, rock, country, gospel, R&B, or other areas.For those who wish to illustrate the effect of obscenity in music essay topics, there are a number of resources available. One of the best places to start is to look at what websites offer free music lesson downloads. These lessons generally include complete stories, but with variations, such as about house parties, about urban rap, about the influence of classical music, or any other topic.

The Basic Facts of Air Pollution Essay Samples

The Basic Facts of Air Pollution Essay Samples The refreshing air is all you should relieve any types of stress. Beyond that, the appropriate air purifier and air monitor is able to help you keep everything in check. When it has to do with air pollution on a worldwide scale, we might not have the ability to make an immense difference as individuals, but we can at least try. The higher air pollution thus lessens the efficiency of things made from such material. The cost of an essay rides on the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. A seasoned professional will make an error-free assignment right away and can help you boost your grades. Whenever you opt to ask us for skilled guidance, don't hesitate to get in touch with our support managers. Choosing our service, you are going to understand that studying can be simple if you gain from the help of capable experts. Higher use of public bus transport and lowering the use of personal vehicles would be a great means to les sen the variety of vehicles on the street. In addition, a customer may ask the writer to submit part of the job for review and, if needed, ask them to make corrections. As with other so-called heavy metals, lead can be particularly toxic to various organ systems. Increasing the usage of renewable sources of energy across the United States of america would be critical in controlling air pollution. By doing that they has started trying to make machines that will help reduce the pollution in the air which will help the environment. Correspondingly, the government should also regulate the usage of farm chemicals by supplying control policies that determine correct use of farm chemicals. Governments of various nations have been supplying grants to consumers that are interested in installing solar panels for their house. There are things you can do which will really make a difference, Avol states. It's hard for all of us to tackle the effects of global warming as a whole, but ta ckling it in a little way can help make a difference if all of us try. Whether it's the ideal idea to step out of your own house has come to be a question of consideration. One of the greatest things we can all do is to be certain that we try our very best to get a positive influence on the environment. Air Pollution Essay Samples for Dummies Although there are lots of oil spills that are deliberate, there are a few that aren't. Finally, pollution in the shape of insecticides and pesticides might interfere with the development of crops and introduce toxins into key water sources. Various pollutants hurt our bodies in various ways. The pollutants which are a direct consequence of the procedure can be called primary pollutants. The Benefits of Air Pollution Essay Samples The Ozone layer considered crucial for the occurrence of the ecosystems on Earth is depleting due to greater pollution. Below are some vital effects of air pollution. Ozone Ozone (also referred to as smog) i s presently one of the least-well-controlled pollutants in the United States of america. Air pollution happens when gases, dust, smoke, or odor get in the air and help it become unclean. For example, the intermingling of primary pollutants forms smog that's a secondary pollutant. The dangerous chemicals continue to be there, causing air pollution that produces people sick. For example, factories emit sulfur dioxide that's a main source of air pollution. Industrial plants are available pretty much everywhere in the Earth, or so the spreading of air pollution is basically global. The procedure is called biomagnification and is reported to be a significant threat to ecological sustainability. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, in addition to make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. There's now a developing trend of moving out of Beijing completely to be able to escape the repercussions of air pollution. Being attentive to the possible risks in your house is among the very first measures to ensuring your kid's future wellbeing. Deficiency of the political stability is a significant reason which causes underdevelopment in Africa. Transforming your day-to-day routines isn't simple, but should you expect a future we must create the work and change some habits. It's often simpler to think of outdoor pollution as the main danger on a broad scale level, but don't dismiss the small everyday pursuits which also impact our wellness. The organization will also need to assess its impacts on the surroundings. The Pain of Air Pollution Essay Samples It is possible to also acquire a variety of discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. Large quantity of fossil fuels are burnt to create electricity. Reducing using fossil fuel powered automobiles is clearly something which can provide help. When there are of course still emissions problems to think about with natural gas, in comparison to coal it's a step in the correct direction. Th e air that's inhaled, contains pollutants that may lead to several health effects from minor irritations to fatal ailments like cancer. Air pollution is the top cause of respiratory diseases. It can also damage your skin in several ways. It has a range of effects on health.

Medieval Kings and Popes Essay - 658 Words

The Pope was the title give to the head of the church, to which he was changed with the religious care taking of the clergy and other believers. For military aid and expansion, early popes looked to medieval kings like Clovis of the Franks, but by the time of Charlemagne’s coronation by Pope Leo III, it became questionable whether the pope or the king was the higher authority. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe was decentralized with the development of feudalism, and this allowed the only unifying establishment, the Church, to become more powerful. Though the Pope and medieval kings originally held separate roles, with the rise of feudalism the popes gained greater political power despite challenges from kings and lay investiture.†¦show more content†¦During this time, feudalism developed. In the feudal system, weak kings granted lands to greater lords in return for military aid. Greater lords in turn granted lands to lesser lords below them. These nobles gove rned all people, including clergyman to whom they granted a ‘fief† of land. When a clergyman, who were to pay their loyalty to the pope, became a vassal, or under the charge of a lord who granted him land, it gave the nobles and kings power. But because the papacy had the unified support of the larger peasant class and there were no strong kings to challenge him, the pope gained greater secular power than the nobility in addition to religious influence. Not only could he banish people from the Church through religious excommunication, but he could establish secular decrees like the Peace and Truce of God, which limited the appropriate locations and days for war. Secular powers such as these were previously reserved to kings, and illustrate that the pope due to the weakening of kings in the feudal system, held greater authority. Originally medieval popes and kings held separate roles: the pope was a religious caretaker and the king was a secular head. Beginning with the b aptism of Clovis of the Franks in 481 A.D., a mutual alliance grew between the two powers, and throughShow MoreRelatedThe Medieval Period Of The Middle Ages1183 Words   |  5 Pagespowers comes great responsibility. The Medieval period began from the 5th century when the Western Roman Empire collapsed, to 15th century. During the Medieval Period the Roman Church was the dominated church. The church controlled religion, philosophy, morals, politics, art and education. In addition, many practices from the Middle Ages laid the foundations to today’s modern world. Charles the Greats of the franks, also known as Charlemagne was a Medieval Emperor during 800. Ruling majority ofRead MoreThe Structure Of Medieval Society Essay1238 Words   |  5 Pageson the structure of medieval society . The Structure of Medieval Society This essay is a revision of the first chapter in ‘The flowering of the Middle Ages’ edited by Joan Evans, published in 1966. This chapter ‘The Structure of the Medieval Society’ was written by Cristopher Brooke’. This takes the original medieval pyramid and talks about is in detail with several stories and he also expresses his own thoughts on what was going on during that time. When discussing Medieval European society, feudalismRead MoreCity, Church, And The Empire1627 Words   |  7 PagesEmpire Many often depict medieval Europe as times of kings, knights, and epic battles that end in great bloodshed and loss. While these things are true, the medieval Europe was much more than that. It was a time of controversy, strong and terrible leaders in politics as well as the church, and many changes in population and how the Europeans structured their societies. Writers and historians throughout this time period produced many works that told of the events in medieval Europe. A few overarchingRead MoreThe Roman Catholic Church in Medieval Times Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pages In the Medieval times, the Roman Catholic Church played a great role in the development of England and had much more power than the Church of today does. In Medieval England, the Roman Catholic Church dominated everyday life and controlled everyone whether it is knights, peasants or kings. The Church was one of the most influential institutions in all of Medieval England and played a large role in education and religion. The Churchs power was so great that they could order and control knightsRead MoreFeudalism1025 Words   |  5 PagesExplain how the system known as â€Å"feudalism† worked in Medieval Europe. The bases of feudalism is best described as a social system in Europe throughout the Middle Ages where individuals worked and battled for upper class who gave them protection and the use of the land in return for their services (Merriam-Webster). â€Å"Feudalism† is not a medieval term and not even a translation of a medieval concept (Abels 2010; Brown 2010; Bouchard 1998). In our day and time Feudalism would be difficult and bafflingRead MoreThe Importance of the Clergy during the Middle Ages1039 Words   |  4 Pagesthe middle ages like? What were the religions they believed in? What was the* Medieval Feudalism like? What was Medieval Feudalism? These questions will all be answered and a more that you might ask. In these pages you will learn about the Middle ages and mostly about the Clergy, one of the most important and busiest parts of Medieval Feudalism.*First, what was Medieval Feudalism? Medieval Feudalism was when the King was the most powerful person who also contr olled all the land. But he couldn’tRead MorePostive Effects of Medieval Social Classes Essay752 Words   |  4 Pagesclasses in medieval England affected life for the people in many positive ways. It served as a means of organization to base their daily lives off of, and also gave the peasants and trade classes protection from the rulers and the clergy class in return for their labor and allegiance (â€Å"Quizlet†). Life in the Middle Ages was based on the framework of social classes so they could flourish socially and economically. The British class structure was a configuration of five main classes. The King ownedRead MoreMedieval Vs. Medieval Era1506 Words   |  7 PagesThe Medieval, or Middle, Ages in Europe have often been called the Dark Ages, since they seem to have been lacking in many ways. However, the Church was always shining the light of the Gospel in even the darkest of places. â€Å"In the very bosom of this doomed society, a power remained which was capable of giving meaning to the drama, of bringing order out of disorder, of integrating the Barbarians into civilization and of using their youthful energies to restore the world to vigor and health. ThisRead MoreHow Does Machiavelli Bring Us From A Medieval View Of Politics Of Power And Interests?1402 Words   |  6 Pagesexcellent work and ideas but I dub incomplete without the added works of Niccolo Machiavelli. Furthering this discussion, what is the new road Machiavelli sets out on, how does he differ/compare to Aristotle and how does M achiavelli bring us from a medieval view of politics to a modern view of nation state politics of power and interests? Machiavelli, unlike many philosophers and historians before him, embarked on a trail less traveled. He did this by the nature of his studies on how to keep a republicRead MoreThe Christian Church in the Middle Ages Essay1114 Words   |  5 PagesAges The Christian Church in the Middle Ages played a significant role in society. Unfortunately though, the church is often regarded as the capital of corruption, evil, and worldliness. Today, so many people depict the medieval church as being led by materialistic popes, devouring tithes from poverty-stricken peasants, having various illegitimate children, and granting indulgences for money from wayward believers. Yes, circumstances like this may have been the case, and is often hard to disapprove

Innovation and Sustainable Managementâ€Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss About the Innovation and Sustainable Management? Answer: Introduction: The rapid growth of the global warming and environmental pollution has led the whole world to face a deadly consequence. According to many reports, the pollution level of Australia has grown since past few years up to 4.9%. Plastic is considered as one of the major villains of environmental pollution. The harmful chemicals that radiate from plastic are harmful for the environment and can cause various health hazards (Rowland et al., 2013). Edible Water Balls concept has risen in last few years. This is considered as a solution to protect the environment from the harmful effect of plastic bottles (Hollensen, 2015). This is one of the innovative business ideas of modern days. Ashley is one of the beverage companies of Australia that has taken initiative to promote the concept of Australia among the Australian citizen. The below mentioned article has concentrated on the business idea of Edible Water Balls. It has enlightened various aspects of the business plan of Edible Water Balls. Organizational Plan: Vision: The vision of the Edible Water Balls business is to protect the world from the harmful effect of plastic bottle. Protect the atmosphere from the effect of global warming (Mongkol, 2014). Global warming is increasing day by day. Plastic is highly responsible for global warming. In order to protect the environment as well as the human lives to meet an awful consequence, the promotion of Edible Water Balls is highly required. Objectives: The objective of the business idea is to run the business organization of Edible Water Balls successfully. Another major objective of the organization is to promote the idea of Edible Water Balls to the every corner of the world. Earning huge profit by expanding the business of Edible Water Balls is one of the primary objectives. Increase the consumption rate of the Edible Water Balls in next five years up to 25% is one of the major goals for the organization. Put a strong footprint in the beverage industry and meet the expectation level of the consumers is another major objective of the organization. Marketing Plan: Marketing plays crucial role in the success of every business idea. It helps the organization to promote its product among the potential consumers and earn desired target. The organizational management must make an appropriate product marketing plan and must include Porters five forces, market segmentation, target market, four Ps of marketing in their marketing plan (Adeigbe et al., 2015). Porters five Force: Fig: Porters Five Forces Created by: Author Threat of New Entrants: There is always a threat of new entries. The rise of various beverage companies is giving threat to Ashley and Edible Water Balls. Threat of Substitute: There are many substitutes of Edible Water Balls, such as- cold drink, mineral water and other beverages. It is one of the major threats of the organization. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: People have become very much concerned about their health and food habits. Eventually it has become important for every food and beverage organization to use high quality ingredients to produce their products. This has risen the bargaining power of the raw material suppliers. Bargaining power of Consumers: Consumers are the key element of every business organization. They preserve the power to influence the growth of every business organization (E. Dobbs, 2014). They do not prefer to compromise on the product quality while they are paying price. Rival Companies: There is always a threat of rival companies for every business organization. There are many beverage companies of Australia that are giving tough competition to Edible Water Balls, such as- Coca Cola Amatil, and a2 Milk. Market Segmentation: Market segmentation consists of five key components, such as- demographic, geographic, geo-demographic, psychographic and behavioral. Geographic: The climate of Australia is hot. A wide part of Australia is desert (Williams et al., 2015). Due to this geographical position the market demand of the edible water will be influenced. Target Market: It is important for every business organization to identify the target market before marketing any product. They must identify their potential consumers; it will be helpful for the organization to design their marketing plan accordingly. The target market of Ashley for their product Edible Water Balls is the working people who stay out of their house most of the time and the school and college students as they often consume various cold drinks and mineral water to beat the heat (Elenkov, 2014). Competitors: The growth of the various beverage companies has given a tough competition to the edible Water Balls. Two major competitors of Ashley are Coca Cola Amatil, and a2 Milk. These two companies are giving tough competition to Ashley (Pollard et al., 2016). Strategies: Coca Cola Amatil and a2 Milk are known for their innovative and unique style of promotion. They incorporate all efficient strategies to draw the attention of large number of consumers. These two beverage company use new media and traditional media both to increase the profit margin (Melo, 2014). Product: The product of the Ashley is Edible Water Balls. It is a unique product that can protect the environment from the negative impact of global warming. Price: The price of Edible Water Balls is reasonable for everyone, so people from all income groups can easily afford it. Each water ball costs $31. Due to this lucrative price people from all parts of the society will be willing to avail it. Place: To promote Edible Water Balls the business organization must use all the forms of new media. It will be helpful for organizational management to draw the attention of large number of consumers. It is evident in recent time people prefer internet and several social networking sites to stay updated with the current news. It will help the organizational management to reach to the maximum consumers to promote their products (Huang Sarigll, 2014). The organizational management can conduct various promotional events in various offices, schools, colleges and other public places like shopping malls, hospitals. It will help the organization to grab the attention of its potential consumers. Promotion: To promote the use of edible water balls, the organizational management of Ashley must make their promotional events more attractive. They can conduct various social awareness campaigns to aware people about the harmful effect of plastic bottles, where they can promote edible water balls. During promotional events in the public places the organizational management can provide one free water ball to all the audience. In digital advertisement the organization can use any renowned celebrity. The organization will be able to influence potential consumers to purchase the water balls as a substitute of mineral water and cold drink by this procedure. Financial Plan: Ashley must fix a reasonable budget for production and marketing purpose. They must consider their budget while planning for any product. It plays crucial role in the development of the every business organization. The organizational management of Ashley must use quality products to produce the water balls at the same time they must understand the fact that they cannot exceed the product price (Stuart, 2015). It will exploit their buyers which can be harmful for the growth of the organization. It may decrease the sales rate as well as the profit margin of the organization. They must make their price chart in such a manner that they can make profit after providing quality product in an affordable price to their loyal consumers (Nikolov, 2016). Conclusion: As per the previous discussion it can be stated that Edible Water Balls can become an efficient substitute of Mineral waters and other beverages. It can be helpful to protect environment from the effect of global warming as well. Ashley has taken a notable initiative to promote the concept and put a strong footprint in the beverage industry. It must incorporate effective marketing and financial plan and must be clear about organizational objective to earn desired target. Reference: Adeigbe, R. T., Baldwin, S., Gallion, K., Grier, S., Ramirez, A. G. (2015). Food and beverage marketing to Latinos: a systematic literature review.Health Education Behavior,42(5), 569-582. Dobbs, M. (2014). Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates.Competitiveness Review,24(1), 32-45. Elenkov, D. (2014). Experiential Exercise with Multinational Student Teams: Researching Together a Multinational Corporation and Developing Jointly a Strategic Marketing Plan for IT Using Blackboard.Developments in Business Simulation and Experiential Learning,41. Hollensen, S. (2015).Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education. Huang, R., Sarigll, E. (2014). How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer New York. Melo, M. T. D. M. P. (2014).Marketing plan: How to benefit from the European population ageing and attract the affluent senior segment to choose Lisbon as a tourism destination?(Doctoral dissertation). Mongkol, K. (2014). Integrated Marketing Communication to Increase Brand Equity: The Case of a Thai Beverage Company.International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance,5(5), 445. Nikolov, I. E. (2016). Marketing plan of Hotel-restaurante Vias Viejas. Pollard, C. M., Meng, X., Hendrie, G. A., Hendrie, D., Sullivan, D., Pratt, I. S., ... Scott, J. A. (2016). Obesity, socio?demographic and attitudinal factors associated with sugar?sweetened beverage consumption: Australian evidence.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,40(1), 71-77. Rowland, B., Toumbourou, J. W., Osborn, A., Smith, R., Hall, J. K., Kremer, P., ... Leslie, E. (2013). A clustered randomised trial examining the effect of social marketing and community mobilisation on the age of uptake and levels of alcohol consumption by Australian adolescents.BMJ open,3(1), e002423. Stuart, A. (2015). A Social Marketing Plan for the Arkansas Miracle League. Williams, A. N., Veth, P., Steffen, W., Ulm, S., Turney, C. S., Reeves, J. M., ... Smith, M. (2015). A continental narrative: Human settlement patterns and Australian climate change over the last 35,000 years.Quaternary Science Reviews,123, 91-112.

Honey Bees and Economics Essay Example

Honey Bees and Economics Essay Introduction Honey bees, Apis mellifera L. , are among the most well-known and economically of import insects ( Delaplane 2006 ) . There are 20 six recognized races around the universe, supplying honey and wax merchandises, and functioning every bit of import pollinators for harvests and wild vegetations ( Thomas 2002 ) . The tropically-adapted African honey bee races, Apis mellifera scutellata ( once adansonii ) , was introduced to Brazil in the 1950s to crossbreed with antecedently introduced European honey bee races in order to better honey production in the Neotropics ( Schneider et al. 2003 ) . While hybridisation between these races was expected, and sought in the genteelness plan for which the African races was introduced, cistron flow between the races is asymmetrical and the European traits are mostly displaced by the African traits over clip ( Schneider et al. 2003 ) . These African traits tend to be characters that make the Africanized honey bee an efficient encroacher and coloniser, a s evidenced in its scope enlargement throughout South and Central America and the invasion of a figure of southwesterly States in the U.S. ( Schneider et al. 2003 ) . This scope enlargement could take to a figure of social, economic, and ecological jobs since the Africanized honey bee can be really aggressive, has high generative capacity, and may interfere with native pollinators and established European settlements, therefore interrupting their pollenation services ( Fewell and Bertram 2002 ) . This paper investigates the properties of A.m. scutellata that enabled this races ( but non European honey races ) , to go an invasive species, effects of its invasion, and direction issues associated with it. History of the Africanized Honey Bee Honey bees are non native to North, Central, and South America, jointly known as the New World, but became widely established after holding been brought by European colonists in the 1600s ( Delaplane 2006 ) . The natural biogeographical scope of Apis mellifera spans from northern Europe to southern Africa and from the British Isles to the Arabian Peninsula ( Schneider et al. 2004 ) . There are four geographic line of descents that correspond to populations in East and West Europe, Africa, and the Middle East ( or Asian ) which probably exhibited allopatric distribution before worlds began transporting and blending populations on a big graduated table ( Schneider et al. 2004 and Zayed and Whitfield 2008 ) . At least eight of the 20 six honey bee races have been intentionally introduced to the Americas and the European races Apis mellifera ligustica Spinola, A.m. caucasica Gorbatschev, and A.m. carnica Pollman, provided the familial stock of the U.S. domestic honey bee ( Thomas 2002 ) . From the 16th to 18th century, Apis mellifera mellifera, of the West European line of descent, dominated debuts to the New World but the three races that comprised the U.S. honey bee, all of the East European Lineage, dominated subsequent debuts ( Schneider et al. 2004 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Honey Bees and Economics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Honey Bees and Economics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Honey Bees and Economics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Geographic isolation can take to familial distinction of populations into races due to local choice force per unit areas and familial impetus ( Clarke et al. 2002 ) . This phenomenon is apparent in the honey bee races from Europe and Africa. The European races are well-suited to temperate climes in that much of their energy goes into bring forthing and hive awaying honey that is needed to last drawn-out periods when resources are absent, such as winter ( Sanford and Hall 2005 and Delaplane 2006 ) . In contrast, the African races exhibits a composite of behaviours and physiological features that make it well-suited to tropical environments, such as high generative rates and coevals of droves to replace settlements that are often lost to predation ( Sanford and Hall 2005 ) . African and European honey bee races had been geographically separated for about 10,000 old ages, developing separating features to last in their corresponding environments, before human-assisted debuts caused blen ding between big populations ( Clarke et al. 2002 ) . While most of North America was able to prolong both managed and wild honey bee populations of European decent, the European honey bee was non every bit good adapted to the tropical and semitropical environments of Central and South America where they could merely be maintained with punctilious attention ( Delapane 2006 ) . It was the insufficiency of European races to win in this clime that led research workers in Sao Paulo, Brazil to present one of the tropical African honey bee races, Apis mellifera scutellata, in an effort to develop a better tropically-adapted domestic honey bee ( Thomas 2002 ) . It s deserving adverting that North African bees had been introduced antecedently to North America and that ferine populations exhibited low frequences of African DNA prior to the spread of the African bee from Latin America but did non ensue in an invasive species as seen with A.m. scutellata ( Schneider et al. 2004 ) . The purpose of conveying the African races to Brazil was to present familial stuff from these tropically-adapted honey bees into the resident European honey bees in order to develop better honey manufacturers in the tropical clime of this part ( Sanford and Hall 2005 ) . The genteelness plan, organized by insect geneticist Warwick Kerr, used South African Queenss paired with docile Italian drones and employed dual queen excluders to forestall flight ( Thomas 2002 ) . The queen excluder keeps the queen in the brood nest and is used as a safeguard against settlement flight since the hive will non go forth without the queen. Unaware of this intent, in 1956 a sing apiarist removed the excluders and hence, 26 of the Africanized urtications escaped with their Queenss ( Thomas 2002 ) . The African stock became established in the ferine population around Sao Paulo and spread quickly throughout Brazil and the Neotropics, displacing and/or crossbreeding with the resident races of honey bee ( Spivak et al. 1991 ) . It s of import to observe that the term Africanized is controversial and that the term Neotropical African is likely better terminology for the honey bee with traits of both European and African descent ( Spivak 1992 ) . Africanized, African-derived, and Neotropical African entail different familial procedures in footings of cistron flow between European and African populations such that Africanized refers to settlements that result from European Queenss and African drones bring forthing a hybridized population ( Schneider et al. 2004 ) . Although it was assumed that the African and European races would crossbreed and give rise to the Africanized honey bee and significant hybridisation has so occurred, over clip the European features are displaced by the African traits since cistron flow between the races is asymmetrical, prefering the loss of European traits ( Schneider et al. 2003 ) . In fact, recent genetic sciences research has revealed that some wild Africanized honey bee populations consist of unbroken African female parent lines that extend all the manner back to the original Queenss that were introduced to Brazil in the 1950s ( Sanford and Hall 2005 ) . Interestingly, European honey bee Queenss mate disproportionately with African drones, a phenomenon that contributes to displacing European cistrons in a settlement with African ( Kaplan 2004 ) . Additionally, there is grounds that the intercrossed exhibits reduced fittingness when compared to either European or African settlements. Hybrid workers have been rep orted to hold lower metabolic capacity for flight and dispersion and less efficient scrounging ability, two factors that accordingly result in lessened endurance of intercrossed settlements ( Schneider et al. 2003 ) . Indeed, intercrossed settlements have been observed to vanish over clip unless actively managed and maintained by worlds ( Schneider et al. 2003 ) . Spread of the Africanized Honey Bee A ; Barriers to Range Expansion The spread of the Africanized honey bee is one of the most impressive biological invasions that have been documented, colonising most of the Americas in less than 50 old ages ( Schneider et al. 2004 ) . Factors that have facilitated the constitution and enlargement of Africanized honey bees include the inclination of African settlements to turn faster than those of European races, familial mutual exclusivenesss between European and African races that favor keeping of African over European traits, and the greater ability of African bees to set up nests in a broader assortment of locations ( National Research Council 2007 ) . Besides, African droves will assume European settlements, intending they invade and replace the occupant queen with their ain, a phenomenon which loses both maternal and paternal lines of the European honey bee ( Kaplan 2004 and Schneider et Al. 2004 ) . The African honey bee produces big Numberss of offspring that form many generative droves and absconds more readily than European races, which abscond and drove less often ( Schneider 1990 and Sanford and Hall 2005 ) . This is important because honey bee population growing is influenced by settlement growing and generative rates in that the greater the generative rate, the faster the settlement growing, the more rapidly a settlement becomes overcrowded, and the more frequent the demand to split the settlement ( Fewell and Bertram 2002 and Kaplan 2004 ) . Hence, since the African honey bee produces greater Numberss of offspring, African settlements drove and disperse to organize new settlements more often than European honey bees. In the Neotropics, a 16-fold addition can be seen in African settlements, taking to a rapid addition in African honey bee population denseness, whereas a mere three to sextuple addition is seen for European settlements in temperate parts ( Schneider et al. 2 004 ) . While high generative rates that lead to frequent teeming give the African honey bee an built-in capacity for rapid population growing, bolting may or may non lend to its colonisation and enlargement ability. Absconding, abandoning the nest and traveling elsewhere, may increase the opportunities of endurance merely if the settlement is able nest in a more favourable country or coalesce with another drove ( Spivak 1992 ) . Therefore, the increased inclination of African bees to bolt is advantageous, and therefore a conducive factor to their scope enlargement, merely when they are able to successfully relocate to an country with suited conditions and appropriate resources. A figure of differences in diet and foraging schemes may explicate the generative and survival capacity of the African honey bee that give it a competitory advantage. Competition for flowered resources frequently involves a figure of factors that differ between consumers, such as strength of usage, resource defence, and resource penchant, and successful invasive species are frequently able to out-compete occupant species by working more resources ( Villannueva-Gutierrez and Roubik 2004 ) . This appears to keep true in the instance of the African honey bee, which is able to use a greater diverseness of dietetic resources ( Villanueva-Gutierrez and Roubik 2004 ) , and harvest pollen more intensively than European settlements in the same home ground ( Fewell and Bertram 2002 ) . They are besides less selective about the nectar beginnings that they consume and will roll up less-concentrated nectar from a greater assortment of flowered resources than European honey bees which are selectiv e in the quality of nectar for honey production and endurance intents ( Pankiw 2003 ) . These characters, in combination with the inclination of the African honey bee to readily drove and colonise new countries, make it a really successful encroacher. It has steadily colonized lowland woods of South America since 1957 ( Roubik et al. 1986 ) and, spread outing at a rate of 80-500 kilometres per twelvemonth, it reached Central America by the 1980s and North America by 1990 ( Thomas 2002 ) . Today, all of Latin America, with the exclusion of Chile, has established populations and in North America, subsequent scope enlargement since the first natural settlement was discovered in Hidalgo, Texas has occurred chiefly in a westbound mode, bit by bit covering most of the southwesterly U.S. ( Delaplane 2006 ) . By 2005, nevertheless, populations of Africanized bees were found in the more eastern States of Louisiana and Florida ( Delaplane 2006 ) and have besides been reported in the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico ( Kaplan 2004 ) . There are now confirmed populations in south ern California and Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, the bulk of Texas, Oklahoma, and a few counties of southern Louisiana and southern Florida ( National Research Council 2007 ) . There have besides been a few stray droves in southern Utah ( Sanford and Hall 2005 ) . The invasion of the southern United States by A. m. scutellata may hold been significantly influenced by the devastation of European settlements in the U.S. by a parasite. Range enlargement into North America coincides with heavy harm to European settlements due to infestation by the varroa touch, Varroa destructor ( once jacobsoni ) , an invasive honey bee parasite from Asia that was discovered in U.S. populations in 1987 ( Kaplan 2004 ) . The touchs readily transferred from the native host, the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana, to European honey bees when European bees were brought to Asia in the 1950s and so shipped to South America in the 1970s ( Lindquist 1989 ) . The touchs reached Mexico by the mid 1980s ( Lindquist 1989 ) and as the infestation spread, the ensuing decimation to the resident European population in the southern U.S. may hold provided an ecological vacancy that the Africanized bees were coincidently able to make full. The northbound scope enlargement has non been every bit terrible as that experienced in Central and South America and there may be a figure of effectual barriers that prevent extended invasion of temperate parts of the United States and Canada by A. m. scutellata. Certain features of the tropically-adapted African races, those that enabled it to displace resident European settlements in tropical parts of the Americas, may non be suited to lasting in temperate parts where winter conditions require a life history scheme closer to that of European honey bee races ( Sanford and Hall 2005 ) . Since settlement behaviours mediate choice of settlement phenotypes and hence drive version in societal insects, the enlargement of honey bees into temperate parts was probably facilitated by choice for honey billboard and ability to organize a winter bunch ( Zayed and Whitfield 2008 ) . The European bees exhibit these characters, using more energy bring forthing and hive awaying honey that is used t o last predictable dearth seasons and less energy into bring forthing big Numberss of offspring ( Thomas 2002 and Sanford and Hall 2005 ) . In contrast, the African honey bee is adapted to an environment in which menaces, such as predation, are more localised and far less predictable than the widespread, seasonal alterations in temperate parts, ensuing in the version of defensive behaviour and inclination to bolt and teem ( Villa et al. 1987 and Thomas 2002 ) . In other words, the African races are suited for dispersion and colonisation whereas the European races are better suited for keeping the settlement. Evidence that African honey bee scope enlargement may be limited by environmental conditions, and hence implicates that these bees may non last in the temperate parts of North America, can be seen in Argentina where the regional laterality of the European or African parental genotypes of established populations corresponds to the environment that resembles those in which the different races evolved ( Spivak 1992 ) . The tropically-adapted Africanized bees are established in the tropical North of the state which exhibits conditions to which they are well-suited, whereas the temperately-adapted European bees dominate the temperate South ( Clarke et al. 2002 ) . A similar distribution is observed in the Andean Highlandss of Peru where African bees are non found above 2300 metres altitude but European honey bees are common, a likely effect of alterations in climatic conditions with height instead than latitude ( Spivak 1992 ) . In short, the tropical versions of the Africanized bees are less advantageous in temperate parts and cold conditions may efficaciously restrict overwintering capacity as to forestall farther scope enlargement ( Delaplane 2006 ) . It s of import to observe that a passage zone between tropical and temperate parts, where the scopes of African and European honey bees overlap and the races interbreed, will hold bees with changing grades of African and European traits. In the U.S. , where African traits will probably rule in southern parts and northern parts are more likely to keep European traits, a big passage country may develop ( Delaplane 2006 ) . While loanblends may be transported with seasonal motion of bundles, Queenss, and apiarists serving harvests, enabling impermanent scope enlargement in some northern venues, African and Africanized bees are non likely to last in temperate climes without sufficient energy shops to last the winter months ( National Research Council 2007 ) . Besides, although the northern spread of Africanized bees may be limited by clime, one ground that the Africanized bee has non spread into Canada is that the boundary line between the U.S. and Canada has been closed to honey bee tra de and conveyance since tracheal touchs infested U.S. honey bee populations ( National Research Council 2007 ) . If the lodger was reopened to these activities and Africanized bees were imported, their scope enlargement would likely be impermanent since they are non as well-suited to temperate parts as European races. There besides appears to be a important correlativity between the sum and distribution of rainfall and the spread of the Africanized honey bee. For case, rainfall greater than 55 inches distributed equally throughout the twelvemonth reflects the conditions at the border of their eastern enlargement ( Kaplan 2004 ) . This evident barrier may be a effect of the African honey bee being better adapted to arid home grounds, as they seem unable to colonise even in southwesterly parts of the U.S. where the temperatures are appropriate for tropical races but the sum and distribution of rainfall differs from other parts where they ve successfully established ( Schneider et al. 2004 ) . Finally, the northbound scope enlargement of the African honey bee may be limited by differences in twenty-four hours length between tropical and temperate parts. The seasonal forms of settlement growing and reproduction for European honey bees closely correlates to photoperiod whereas African honey bees are ad apted to tropical climes where one-year alterations in rainfall and flowered copiousness are more of import than photoperiod ( Schneider et al. 2004 ) . Economical, Social, and Ecological Consequences of African and Africanized Honey Bees There are several honey bee characters that are of import to people. These include disposition, the inclination to teem and bolt, honey production, and manageableness for apiarists ( Kaplan 2004 ) . Because of differences in these characters between the African and European races, the spread of Africanized honey bees may hold several of import economic impacts on the honey industry and has possible to impact public safety. As an foreigner species to the Americas, the African bee and its loanblends could besides act upon pollenation ecology of natural and agricultural landscapes ( Roubik et al. 1986 ) . The inclination of Africanized settlements to bolt makes them hard to maintain and their heightened defensive behaviour makes them hard and inconvenient to pull off ( Hackett, 2004 ) . While the invasion of Africanized bees ab initio resulted in apiarists abandoning the pattern and doing the honey industry to endure in Central and South America, apiarists in these parts have adjusted good ( NRC 2007 ) . Fewer urtications are kept in any one location and are spaced farther apart, protective vesture and tobacco users are ever used, and the urtications are non worked as often throughout the twelvemonth to forestall absconding, with some apiarists preferring to work their urtications at dark ( Thomas 2002 ) . While bettering honey production was, after all, the purpose of presenting African bees to South America since the European races could merely be maintained in the Torrid Zones with great attention, early comparings of honey production in African and European settlements gave assorted consequences. For illustration, Spivak et Al. ( 1989 ) found no important difference in honey production between races in settlements in Costa Rica although studies from Brazil were systematically higher for African bees and comparable to or lower than European bees in other countries of South and Central America. Even sing these disagreements between studies in different parts, the part of the African honey bee to honey production in Brazil can non be ignored. After the debut of African bees, Brazil s one-year honey production increased nonuple, from 5,000 metric dozenss to 45,000 metric dozenss ( Thomas 2002 ) . However, beekeeping patterns in the Neotropics are basically different from those in the U .S. and Canada and hence, the effects of the African honey bee in these parts may non be an ideal theoretical account for foretelling the impact of Africanization in the apiculture and honey industry of North America ( NRC 2007 ) . Early anticipations of challenges that U.S. agriculturists would confront with the invasion of the African honey bee from Latin America included breaks of both beekeeping patterns and harvest pollenation ( Rinderer et al. 1991 ) , ensuing in increased costs of bee-pollinated nutrient merchandises ( Collins et Al. 1982 ) . Indeed, keeping European urtications while surrounded by African settlements has been a major challenge for U.S. apiarists in the sou-west. They must requeen on a regular basis, utilizing Queenss that have been pre-mated to European drones in African-free zones , to protect against hive trespass by African droves, a pattern that is clip devouring and expensive, particularly for commercial apiarists with 1000s of urtications to keep ( Kaplan 2004 ) . Sing that the apiculture industry was already threatened by important jobs, such as parasitic touchs and disease-causing bacteriums, before and during the African invasion, a farther decrease in the net income border fro m beekeeping was an expected effect of the increased costs incurred from frequent requeening and labour-intensive direction and monitoring of urtications to keep European lines ( Sanford and Hall 2005 ) . For harvest pollenation, nevertheless, differences in scrounging scheme between European and African honey bees may be advantageous in some harvests. For illustration, Basualdo et Al. ( 2000 ) study that Africanized bees collected significantly more pollen from helianthus in intercrossed seed production systems of Argentina, proposing that the tropical races may be a more efficient commercial pollinator. The Africanized bee has received considerable ill fame for its defensive behaviour toward perceived menaces to the settlement which has resulted in a figure of negative social effects. They rapidly recruit 100s to 1000s of settlement members to drive off interlopers and although the toxicity and sum of venom delivered per sting does non differ from European races, the big figure of stings incurred during a mass onslaught and the drawn-out continuance of onslaught has led to the deceases of pets, people, and farm animal ( Rabe et al. 2005 ) . The inclination of Africanized honey bee droves to settle in topographic points near worlds airss increased wellness jeopardies ( NRC 2007 ) and therefore, constabularies, fire sections, and other authorities bureaus have adopted preparation and processs to cover with incidents affecting these bees ( Rabe et al. 2005 ) . Indeed, the frequence of onslaughts dramatically increased when the Africanized bees escaped and spread throughout South and Central America, but as people learned to avoid nesting bees the figure of onslaughts declined ( Thomas 2002 ) . It s deserving adverting that while the aggressive behaviour of Africanized bees poses a really existent menace, public sentiment of the true danger of Africanized bees has been distracted by overdone studies from popular media and Hollywood that use the catch-phrase killer bees ( Lindquist 1989 and Thomas 2002 ) . This widespread public fright has frequently caused apiarists to lose many of the locations that they rent to maintain urtications, even if such locations are considerable distances from known Africanized bee zones ( Hackett 2004 ) . This loss of apiary locations has farther contributed to the decreased net income border of apiculture ( Sanford and Hall 2005 ) . Even so, the early anticipations of the economic impacts of African bees on U. S. agribusiness have therefore far overestimated the existent harm, due possibly to a combination of heightened readiness based on the Latin American experience, apparent reduced fittingness in temperate climes, and a slower-than-predicted enlargement rate ( Schneider et al. 2004 ) . The invasion of Africanized honey bees may hold of import ecological deductions as good. In the tropical Americas, even the earliest surveies showed grounds that African bee settlements can displace native pollinators from flowers, a effect that can be attributed to their superior ability to turn up and reap flowered resources ( Roubik et al. 1986 ) . An of import illustration involves societal stingless bees of the genera Melipona and Trigona. Early experiments with species of these genera showed that big forager size, big settlement size, and ability to pass on the distance and way of a nutrient beginning are all characters that conferred a competitory advantage of the African honey bee over native stingless bees ( Roubik 1980 ) . In a survey of bee population tendencies and distribution in Mexico, Cairns et Al. ( 2005 ) study that the Africanized honey bee had adopted new behaviours to vie better with native pollinators that include physically assailing native stingless bees. Furt hermore, the African honey bee may hold an advantage over both societal stingless bees and European honey bees in footings of nesting sites. While the stingless and European settlements may be limited by the handiness of preferable nesting sites, the African honey bee is timeserving and utilizes a assortment of sites that the others would non busy ( Roubik 1980 ) . Some would reason that since the European honey bee races neer performed good in the Neotropics, the African honey bee can non be said to hold displaced the European honey bee by competition in these parts, even though the invasion has resulted in an about complete replacing of local European populations ( Fewell and Bertram 2002 ) . However, Villanueava-Gutierrez and Roubik ( 2004 ) study that competition with the African honey bee for locally-adapted pollen beginnings in Mexico appears to do resident European honey bees to abandon former resources, usage fewer resources intensively, and use other taxa as resources, thereby doing competitory supplanting. While the European bees used more resource species in this survey, the African bee used more to a important grade, probably ensuing in less pollen income on norm for the European honey bee ( Villanueava-Gutierrez and Roubik 2004 ) . Therefore, the ecological laterality of the African honey bee may non merely affect certain native be es but besides European honey bees. This consequence may be minor in the Torrid Zones where the European bees have historically had small success, but there may be major deductions for North America where they ve performed good ( Fewell and Bertram 2002 ) . Current and Future Management of Africanized Bees Presently, no agencies of eliminating Africanized honey bees exists since anything that negatively affects the African-derived populations will besides impact the European populations, and perchance wild bee populations ( Hackett 2004 and Hackett 2007 ) . The European honey bee is already in diminution due to disease and parasites in the U.S. so extra force per unit area is unwise. Alternatively, certain African traits can be considered good and hence, engendering plans may seek to pull off African honey bees for selected features. For illustration, the Africanized honey bee seems to be more immune to the varroa touch, Varroa destructor, which has been decimating honey bee settlements across the New World, a trait that could be valuable to the apiculture and honey industry ( Rabe et al. 2005 ) . Although the harm to European settlements caused by the varroa touch may hold contributed to the successful invasion of the U.S. by the African honey bee, its opposition may be merely what th e apiculture and honey industries need. The Asiatic honey bee, Apis cerana, exhibits behavioural mechanisms, often referred to as hygienic behaviour, by which it is able to defy infestation, such as remotion of dead or infested brood and training, and so does Apis mellifera scutellata ( Lindquist 1989 and Ibrahim et Al. 2007 ) . The African honey bee besides has shorter brood rhythms and this may lend to resistance in that the touch may non be able to finish development before the brood emerges ( Kaplan 2007 ) . Furthermore, there appears to be some unknown mechanism that influences the touch s generative capacity in African urtications ( Carneiro et al. 2007 ) . While opposition to varroa touchs is surely a good feature, the less desirable African characters, such as disposition and endurance in temperate climes, may be of import sing beekeeping patterns of temperate parts of North America. The inclination to bolt when disturbed, for illustration, makes African bees hapless campaigners for migratory apiculture operations ( Schneider et al. 2004 ) . Furthermore, Carneiro et Al. ( 2007 ) reported alterations in generative capacity of V. destructor in Brazilian African honey bee settlements ; they are get downing to get the better of generative barriers. Therefore, utilizing A.m. scutellata for opposition may no longer be a feasible option. However, honey bees from far-eastern Russia exhibit both opposition and tolerance to varroa touchs ( Rinderer et al. 2001 ) . Engendering with these bees alternatively would avoid unwanted African traits and jobs associated with enlargement restrictions in temperate climes. While research continues, apiarists and the general populace can larn to populate with Africanized bees and follow certain patterns as a agency of incorporating the job. These include look intoing for bee nests before runing machinery such as lawnmowers, as the quivers may upset the settlement ; sealing clefts and gaps in edifices, as these are attractive to a drove in hunt of a nesting site ; and apiarists can where more protective vesture, nevertheless inconvenient, when sing urtications and working around their bees ( Hackett 2004 ) . Cheap pheromone traps are besides used, particularly around schools, airdromes, golf classs and other high traffic countries, to do swarm remotion easy and incidence of onslaught less likely ( Kaplan 2004 ) . In the southern and coastal U.S. parts where commercial queen production takes topographic point, Danka et Al. ( 1994 ) suggest pin downing African droves as a agency of keeping the unity of European traits in their genteelness operations for th e U.S. apiculture industry. In the interim, the ARS of the USDA, the primary monitoring bureau for Africanized bees, provides legion updates that inform research workers and the general populace on the position of this invasive species ( Kaplan 2004 ) . Decisions The African honey bee is an efficient encroacher and coloniser and its scope enlargement can hold a figure of social, economic, and ecological effects. This tropically-adapted races was able to displace resident European bees in the Neotropics through competitory advantages attributed to reproductive capacity, superior resource development, and familial mutual exclusivenesss with European races. While de

Causal Factors of Ebd Essays

Causal Factors of Ebd Essays Causal Factors of Ebd Paper Causal Factors of Ebd Paper Running head: CAUSAL RISK FACTORS Causal Risk Factors Sharon OKeefe Grand Canyon: SPE 513 October 5, 2011 Causal Factors coincide Identifying and understanding the causes of Emotional and Behavioral Disorder (EBD) can help in developing successful interventions and prevention strategies. Research has been unable to show that any specific factors cause EBD, but causal risk factors seem to concur with EBD. These risk factors are categorized as either internal (biological) or external (family, school, and culture) (Yell, Meadows, Drasgow, and Shriner, 2009). Internal risk factors encompass an individual’s characteristics, while external risk factors encompass family, school, and culture. Depending on the developmental stage of the child, these risk factors have different effects on the child. These risk factors increase the likelihood of future emotional or behavioral problems. Often a child is exposed to more than one of these risk factors making it even more likely that they will exhibit EBD (Yell, et al, 2009). Biological risk factors are either physiological (how the body works) or psychological (arising in the mind) in nature. Thus cognitive deficits, hyperactivity, and concentration problems are three factors that fit into the biological category. Cognitive deficits can lead to poor problem-solving skills, poor social skills and behavioral deviation (Yell, et al, 2009). Hyperactivity and concentration problems can make it hard for students to follow lectures or conversations. Frustration at not being able to keep up, can lead to problematic behaviors. Conditions in the home can be risk factors for students with EBD. Family factors may include poverty, abuse, and harsh or ineffective discipline. These factors can have an impact on a child’s learning of social and behavioral skills. Children learn inappropriate behavior from their parents and siblings that makes it hard to be successful in the school setting. According to Yell, Meadows, Drasgow, and Shriner (2009), poverty â€Å"may be the single most common denominator for risk of behavioral deviation. † (p. 11) School environment can also be considered risk factors for EBD. Inappropriate social behaviors can even be learned or reinforced at school. If teachers ignore bulling and harassment, it seems like they are condoning such behavior. Unclear or absent rules and school policies covering student behavior may add to EBD. Students need structure, but discipline needs to be fair and take into account student differences. The range of acceptable student behavior is narrow and often biased. Often a power struggle ensues between the student with EBD and the staff. Classroom practices can also affect student behavior and performance. Poor teacher practices may include not interacting with students, not giving praise or providing opportunities for the students with EBD to correctly respond. This causes students to get frustrated and act up even more (Yell, et al, 2009). Culture can also influence student behavior. If children are exposed to a variety of attitudes, prejudices and expectations, they adopt or mimic these behaviors. Cultural biases needs to be eliminated from the classroom as much as possible. Cultural differences need to be taken into consideration when working with students who have EBD. In some cultures there is a little adult supervision. Children are left to fend for themselves, and they do not learn boundaries or appropriate social skills. Even the gang culture can influence students with EBD (GCU, 2011). Gangs become the child’s family. Rick factors do not take place in isolation. They are intertwined and change over time. Understanding risk factors and the interplay between them can help in the identification of students with EBD. This is the first step in deciding on intervention. Interventions are as various as the behaviors exhibited by students with EBD. No one intervention will be successful at mitigating the risk factors. Behaviors that need to be dealt with are either excesses or deficits (GCU, 2011). There are several theoretical or conceptual models to help in assessing or evaluating, in intervening with students, and communications with others. There are six main models that may be useful (Yell, et al, 2009). The first model is the psychoanalytic model purports that emotions and behaviors are caused by pathological imbalance in mental states. Treatment includes therapy and a very accepting teacher in a permissive classroom environment (Yell, et al, 2009). The second model is the biological or biogenic model where it is thought that behaviors are a result of physiological influences, like genetics, biochemical and temperament factors. Usual treatment is drug therapy or surgery (GCU, 2011). The third model is the humanistic model believes that behavior is the result of a clash between societal pressures to conform and a person’s self-actualization needs. Approach to treatment includes having a loving supportive environment, where students are encouraged to solve their own problems in a positive way (Yell, et al, 2009). This calls for higher level thinking about one’s thoughts and behaviors (GCU, 2011). The fourth model is the ecological model. In this approach, the student’s behavior is seen as a result of their environment. Problems occur when a person’s needs or character do not match their environment. This is when proper placement is imperative (Yell, et al, 2009). The fifth model is the psychoeducational model. The belief of this model is that there is and underlying internal conflict or unconscious motivation for behavior. Behavior must be analyzed to help student understand their actions and be able to prevent them in the future (Yell, et al, 2009). The teacher should instruct the student to become aware of their behaviors, to think of consequences and to think of alternative reactions. The final model is the social-cognitive model. This theory looks at the â€Å"reciprocal effects of environment, behavior and person-based variables (GCU, 2011). It is believed that the main determinants of human behavior are within the individual. The problem is that students with EBD have flawed thoughts, beliefs and perceptions that affect their behavior (Yell, et al, 2009). Interventions are as varied as the models used to design and implement behavior plans. According to a study completed by the Clover Park School District, â€Å" Conditions that promote positive behavior in the classroom include (a) clear behavior expectations, (b) the teaching of expected behaviors, (c) consistent and sound responses to rule violations, and (d) individualized programming for more chronic behavioral difficulties. † (Christensen, Jaeger, Lorenz, Morton, Neuman, Rieke, et al. , 2005, p. 5). Effective instructional strategies include are varied, but could include: advanced planning, rapid pace, smooth transitions, provide interesting hands-on activities, and offer choices (Yell, et al, 2009). Having a proactive approach is more efficient and less disruptive than a reactive approach. Positive Behavior Support is a three-tiered approach that uses graduated levels of intensity in dealing with problematic behaviors. In Tier One is a wide range of strategies is applied across multiple life domains to reduce risks. This is a universal intervention used to prevent initial occurrences of a problem. In Tier Two, prevention strategies are aimed at providing extra help for students who are exposed to multiple rick factors. The Third Tier is aimed at dealing with problems that are already out of control (Yell, et al, 2009). The intervention or interventions chosen will be based on the student needs. A functional behavioral assessment (FBA) must be completed to discover what is behind the behavior. These could be the causal factors discussed earlier. When the behavior is understood, then a Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) is written and implemented. This process is a team effort (Yell, et al, 2009). What is important is that the behavior is gotten under control, so that the student can be successful in the school setting. This will in turn help the student later in life. References Christensen, B. , Jaeger, M. , Lorenz, R. Morton, S. , Neuman, L. , Rieke, E. , Simpson, B. , and Watkins, C. , (2005). Teaching students with severe emotional and behavioral disorders: Best practices guide to intervention. Retrieved October 11, 2011 from k12. wa. us/SpecialEd/Families/pubdocs/bestpractices. pdf Grand Canyon University. Lecture notes. SPE-513 Strategies: Emotional/Behavioral Disability. Fall 2011. Yell, M. L. , Meadows, N. B. , Drasgow, E. , and Shriner, J. G. (2009). Evidence-based practices for educating students with emotional and behavioral disorders. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.