Historical Photographic Processes Essay Example for Free

Historical Photographic Processes Essay The Cyanotype, also known as the blue print process, was invented by Sir John Herschel in 1842 and made popular in the field of photography by Anna Atkins, a British botanist and photographer, who did a series of leaf prints and published a series of limited edition books of cyanotype prints (Rosenthal). The earliest examples of cyanotype photographs, therefore, consist of prints of leaf species. Cyanotypes are named for its blue-green (cyan) hue. It uses light sensitive Ammonium iron (III) citrate and potassium ferricyanide to reproduce an image. The Division of Rare and Manuscript Collection of Cornell University explains the process in its website: A piece of paper is first sensitized with a solution of ferric ammonium citrate (an iron salt) and potassium ferricyanide (a crystalline iron salt) and dried. The prepared paper is then contact, or placed in direct contact with the negative, and exposed to sunlight until an image begins to appear on the paper (usually about fifteen minutes). As contact prints, they are always the same size as their negatives. In the final step, the print is washed in water to oxidize the iron salts and draw out the cyanotype’s brilliant blue color (A. D. White Project). Since the 1980s up to the present, the blue print process is still used by some architects and engineers because of its simple process and low cost. The Albumen Print Process The albumen print process was invented by in 1850 by Louis Desire Blanquart-Evrard and became the popular photographic printing process for the next half decade A. D. White Project). It uses the albumen in egg whites to bind photographic chemicals to paper. The process begins by mixing the albumen with iodide of potassium and water. After the mixtures has been allowed to set for some time it is poured over a glass plate (or later on, on paper) which, in turn, is immersed in a bath of nitrate of silver and glacial acetic acid to sensitize it and make it ready for exposure in the camera. The plate is removed from the camera and poured with a saturated solution of gallic acid, followed by a solution of hyposulphite of soda, and then washed over a stream of water. When dry, the picture is ready for printing (Ross). Albumen prints are prone to fading. The general tone is yellowish with cream-colored highlights and deep chocolate brown shadows (A. D. White Project). Cited Works A. D. White Project. Division of Rare and Manuscript Collection, Cornell University. 14 April 2005. http://cidc. library. cornell. edu/adw/cyanotype. htm. Rosenthal, Richard T. â€Å"The Cynotype†. Vernacular Photography. 20 March 2008. http://www. vernacularphotography. com/VPM/V1N1/the_cyanotype. htm. Ross, James. â€Å"The Albumen Process. † Albumen. http://albumen. stanford. edu/library/c19 /ross. html.

Friedrich Nietzsche On Death Of God Philosophy Essay

Friedrich Nietzsche On Death Of God Philosophy Essay History has welcomed many great thinkers and philosophers, offering new and sometimes revolutionary ideologies which can completely modify a society. From his rejection of Judeo-Christian morality and his commentary on the Death of God, Nietzsche had become one of the most prominent philosophers in Europe. Often, his philosophy isnt fully appreciated or acknowledged because of ad hominem attacks from the insanity of his later years, and the denouncement of his work because of its association with Hitler(Solomon XVIII), which is confused with causation. Nietzsche is sometimes credited with being an influential figure in Hitlers life, and has gained a notion of guilt by association. His philosophies were greatly misinterpreted and omitted by Hitler, they had opposing ideologies in anti Semitism, his views on race were different and their philosophy on power and Religion. Nietzsche was born and raised in Germany and lived from 1844 or 1900 and is cited to be the first existentialist philosopher. He challenged the foundations of Christianity and presents a life affirming philosophy. The German soldiers in world war one would carry a copy of his book Thus Spoke Zarathustra. He had influenced leading cultural figures from different walks of life.(Solomon) Anti-Semitism was a prominent propaganda tool that had grasped the German nation; it was one of the guiding forces that Hitler had used to gain control(Solomon). During Nietzsches time anti-Semitism was a popular ideology and his sister and brother in law had practiced it vigilantly(Solomon 13) . His heros, as well as most of the people around him were anti Semites so many would conclude on the basis of what his peers believed that he was an anti Semite as well. Nietzsche was also strongly against anti Semitism, although he was critical of the Judeo-Christian morality, one must not instantly relate the two. On several accounts does Nietzsche explain his stance on Jews and Judaism, one not look further then in his book Human, all too Human. He states Every nation, every man has disagreeable, even dangerous characteristics; it is cruel to demand that the Jew should be an exception(Amnation.com) implying that the Jews are not much different from other races. He goes on further to sympathize and even praise the Jews, he had stated that they had the most sorrowful history of all people(Amnation.com) and were responsible for the most effective moral code in the world (Amnation.com). Nietzsche was diagnosed as mentally ill in his later years but still continued to address the issue, in his letters to this sister at the time he was openly hostile to her anti Semitism, he stated the name of Zarathustra is used in every Anti-Semitic Correspondence Sheet, has almost made me sick several times(consciencia.org) the book Thus spoke Zarathustra was used as a sort of literature that they claim shared the same views. He even goes as far as to insult them; he states these accursed anti-Semite deformities shall not sully my idea (consciencia.org). Hitler on several occasions demonstrates his Anti Semitism in Mien kampf Hence today I believe that I am acting in accordance with the will of the Almighty Creator: by defending myself against the Jew, I am fighting for the work of the Lord.(Nobelifs.com) Nietzsche was in direct opposition to Hitler, his writings were corrupted by the misinterpretation of Zarathustra and the people that Nietzsche was around, they believed since he associated with anti Semites that he was among them. The letters to his sister demonstrate otherwise and that ironically enough Nietzsche had sympathized and even praised the Jews The most important ideology to the Nazis is arguably their belief that the Aryan race is the most superior and has the most valued purity. Hitler arrogantly proclaimed his superiority amongst all the races in the world, included the Polish, Slavic, Arab etc. Hitlers use of the term Aryan basically is whoever he proclaimed to be, despite the linguistic and physical similarities of close nations, he considered many non-Aryan. Despite the similar characteristics that most poles have to Germans, Hitler had considered the Poles as non Aryan and had stated that The destruction of Poland is our primary task.(Holocaustforgotten.com) and Heinrich Himmler had also said All Poles will disappear from the world. It is essential that the great German people should consider it as its major task to destroy all Poles.(Holocaustforgotten.com). Hitler had gone on to systematical kill 3 million polish citizens, as well as many other ethnic minorities. The irony in all this is that Nietzsche himself had stated I am a pure blooded Polish Noblemen without a single drop of bad blood, certainly not German blood(Anti-Christ 77), it seems that Hitler had missed this very important piece of information when he read from Nietzsches books. He goes to describe the lofty position that he holds as a Polish man [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] as a pole. You would not need to go back centurys to find instincts as pure as mine in this noblest race on earth(Anti-Christ 78) which implies a sort of arrogance that he demonstrates for his supposed Polish ancestry, which further increases the irony of Hitlers actions. There is dispute however as to whether he is truly of full polish ancestry or not Nietzsche [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] had no proof but it pleased him to think so(Menchen 3), but it is besides to point because regardless he considered himself one, and insulted the German blood line. He further stresses the importance he prescribes to the polish by saying Germany is a great nation [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] because its p eople have so much polish blood in their veins [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] there were giants in Poland at the time of my fore fathers(Menchen 2) he claims that reason that Germany is so great is because of the polish! It is evident that Nietzsche would have greatly disapproved of Hitlers prosecution of Polish people. On the study of eugenics, the selection of desirable traits for humans, Nietzsche actually favored the breeding of a race more intelligent, free-thinking, and less resentful then the folks he saw around him(Solomon 14) although he didnt discuss any ideas of practicing it. The central philosophy of Nietzsches that Hitler and the Nazis had taken was from Genealogy of morals is the blonde Germanic beast (some claim it just states blonde beast) that they take as support for Aryan superiority, the Historian Kelly Ross believes that Nietzsche was racist, although in the context it can be taken in different direction. In the same book Nietzsche all notes down what he thinks as the noble races the Roman, Arabian, German, Japanese nobility as for the Homeric heroes and the Scandinavian Vikings.(Frisian.com) He expressed praise for both Arabian and Japanese who were not Aryan stock, although what Hitler considered Aryan mainly was exclusive to mainland Germany. Hitler and the Nazi regime had o mitted several important texts from Nietzsche and mainly focused on the blonde Germanic beast and a motivational slogan. Nietzsche had claimed polish ancestry and believed the only reasons their society was successful was because of polish blood, if Nietzsche was alive during Hitler time, he would have resented him for this, not supported him. Many people dont consider Hitler not a Christian, based on his actions, not on what he believed or claimed. Whether Hitlers actions represented that of Christ or not is a separate issue, and from what historians can conclude from the evidence they have collected, Hitler was indeed a Christian. For instance, Hitler proclaimed that I am now as before a Catholic and will always remain so. And had his soldiers were had belt buckles that said Gott min uns (god with us) and had tried to back up his anti-Semitism with religion. Nietzsche however wasnt Christian; in fact he resented religion, so much that he had created the term God is Dead (Saugstad 2000). Nietzsche philosophy was based on atheism (Saugstad 2000), Nietzsche had a basic acceptance of Feuerbachs view that human beings incented God by devising of any sense of their own powers. It wasnt just it didnt believe in religion, It had resented and criticized it. In his book Anti Christ he writes Christianity is the religion of pity (Saugstad 2000) and was skeptical to the church and its ideology (Saugstad 2000). One of his main objectives was to turn the values of Plato and Christianity upside down(Saugstad 2000), Nietzsche had believed that Christianity promoted weakness and pity, and was blemish on the face of mankind, he disliked it so much that he desired for its extinction. Hitlers justification through Christianity and Nietzsches distaste for Christianity are clearly incompatible. Hitler had manipulated Germany, to the point where his authority was basically absolute in the nation. Nietzsche had appeared to be fairly indifferent to politics he very rarely speaks of politics (swgc.com). Nietzsche also had great distaste for authority, in the book daybreak he states in the face of any authority, one is not allowed to think, [instead] one has to obey!(Eurozine.com), if he was in the state of Germany at this time he would have evidently hated Hitlers totalerian regime, beacuse it contradicts what he stand for. There is a photograph of Hitler staring directly into the eyes of a Nietzches bust, and he would oftenly go to the Nietzche musem of Wiemeir to see the bust for himself. Sometimes Nietzche is victimized by the false premise that he himself, was a Nazi. This however is easily refuted because Hitler did not form the Nazi party until 1919 and did not ascend to power with it until 1933, several decades after Nietzsches death. Nietzsche was also not a fascist, his ideology, was more so that, his political beliefs, if he had any at all was the belief in no politics. (Solomon 16). In other words, Hitler had take Fredrick Nietzsche and formulated his own philosophy with little to no influence by him. Their views on anti Semitism greatly contrast each other, Hitler bases much of his political career on the extermination of the Jewish race, while Nietzsche when addressed with being an anti-Semite responds with great hostility as addressed in his letters to his sister. Hitler mystifying concept of racial supremacy, drips with irony for not only did Nietzsche claim full polish ancestry, but he also insulted German blood , and the atrocities committed to the Polish in world war two would evidently not been something Nietzsche supported. Nietzsches position on religion contradicts that which Hitler uses to motivate his troops, Hitler claims to be fully Catholic and motivated by god to destroy the Jewish race, whereas Nietzsche shows mostly skepticism and pessimism. It is clear that not only did Hitler greatly misinterpret Nietzsche, the evidence points that he may ha ve not read much at all, and just created a superficial attachment to Nietzsche, mostly based on nothing.

Conformity and Rebellion in Conversion of the Jews Essay -- essays pap

Conformity and Rebellion in Conversion of the Jews Though it seems like a stereotype, all teenagers, at some point, choose to rebel against authority figures or conform with their friends. Part of growing up means becoming the person God intends you to be and finding out how to survive, or be independent, on your own. Conformity and rebellion, two issues that each human being has experienced, have great effects not only on the conformist and rebel, but on the people around them as well. In â€Å"Conversion of the Jews,† Ozzie rebels against the religious complacency that he sees in his Hebrew school, and his friend, Itzie, projects an example of religious complacency and conformity. Ozzie, a thirteen-year-old boy born into the Jewish faith, has spent his short life conforming to what his single mother, his religion, and Rabbi Binder wanted him to be and believe. Judaism means everything to Ozzie’s mother, Mrs. Freedman. The importance of her religion, expressed through her actions as Ozzie states that â€Å"she didn’t look like a chosen person. But when she lit candles she looked like something better; like a woman who knew momentarily that God could do anything† (1103). Judaism defines who she is as an individual and who she is as a member of society as well. Ozzie has many questions about Judaism and Mrs. Freedman and Rabbi Binder feel he does not need to ask them, but just have faith. It becomes clear throughout the story that Rabbi Binder wants Ozzie to behave. By behave, Rabbi Binder means conform to his way of thinking. The rabbi dodges his questions and Ozzie says that â€Å"he kept explaining about Jesus being historical, and so I kept asking! him. No kidding, Itz,... ...onforming. Conforming means not standing out, not thinking, and involves little work. In a religious setting, conforming gives a person a place to be important and accepted. Being truly â€Å"religious† requires some work; however, mindless conforming and religious complacency seems much easier. Rebelling, on the other hand, seems like something people like to do just as much. In the case of religion, a line rests between rebellion and spiritual questioning. In Ozzie’s circumstance, his questions went beyond spiritual questioning, crossing into the realm of rebellion. In any case, conforming and rebellion both have consequential effects. Conforming can lead to a life of unanswered questions and being the person that you are not. Rebellion can lead to alienating yourself from something good that might only need a few simple explanations.

Divorce or Annulment Essay -- Social Issues, Custody of the Children

In the failure of marriage, most couples nowadays prefer to have a divorce or annulment. For them, separation is a lot easier than forcing a relationship to work. However, the consequences of divorce appear to have greater impacts on children and not just on the couple. The custody of the children is usually brought into court settlements to determine which party, whether the mother’s or the father’s, qualifies for custody. In this regard, lawyers require help from mental health experts who would make evaluations of both parties. Mental health experts also provide counseling that would help the individuals to cope with the condition that they are experiencing. This way, the psychologist would have dual tasks: a forensic evaluator and a therapeutic counselor. This dual task would be the center of this discussion. In 1997, Greenberg and Shuman wrote an article that shows the irreconcilable conflict between dual roles of mental health experts in court proceedings. Several factors have enabled mental health experts to appear as forensic expert witnesses. However, these two roles are not compatible due to several differences between these and confidentiality and anonymity are compromised. Definitions must first be provided to differentiate between the roles. The therapist refers to a clinician or mental health expert who provides psychotherapy to the client. His primary responsibility is to treat his patient. A fact witness, meanwhile, refers to the person testifying based on direct observations. He does not offer expert opinions. In short, a therapist who serves as fact witness is someone who testifies based on the observations carried out during therapy. His conclusions are thus drawn from his observations (Strasburger, Gutheil, &... ...ings as therapist and forensic expert. This is due to the premise that assuming the roles of both a therapist and a forensic expert may lead to the possibility that the expert is more concerned about the conclusion of the case than the integrity and accuracy of his testimony. Furthermore, there are many differences between the roles of the therapist and the expert. Some of these differences include attitudes of each expert, goals, and roles of therapist-patient and forensic-expert-patient relationships. These differences lead to the incompatibility of dual roles. Furthermore, confidentiality and anonymity are compromised when therapists provide testimony in court proceedings. While some researchers believe that the dual roles can be compatible, the points discussed in this paper are adequate enough to conclude that therapeutic and forensic roles are incompatible.

The Solitaire Metaphor in John Steinbecks Of Mice and Men :: Steinbeck Of Mice and Men Essays

The Solitaire Metaphor in Of Mice and Men In Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, George Milton is shown many times playing the game of Solitaire, a card game which requires only one man and a pack of playing cards. His companion, Lennie Small is never asked to play cards or other games because George knows emphatically that Lennie is incapable of such a mental task. Although Lennie and George are companions, George has the idea of being "solitaire" to be no longer burdened by Lennie's company. Solitaire, meaning alone, is a metaphor for the loneliness that many of the characters feel in the novel. John Steinbeck shows in Of Mice and Men, that all human beings are essentially alone. "I ain't got no people. I seen the guys that go around on the ranches alone. That ain't no good. They don't have no fun. After a long time they get mean. They get wantin' to fight all the time... 'Course Lennie's a God damn nuisance most of the time, but you get used to goin' around with a guy an' you can't get rid of him" (45). George proclaims his view on loneliness to give a reason for his connection with Lennie. This connection George has with Lennie makes the two of them unique to the rest of the characters. Many of the men on the ranch have a dream, but only Lennie and George have a chance of obtaining it. Essentially, John Steinbeck wants to show that although George and Lennie have the advantage of being a team, they will never accomplish it because all human beings are in essence, alone. Thus, George's constant playing of the game of solitaire foreshadows his eventual decision to become a solitary man. John Steinbeck demonstrates loneliness of Crooks, the black handicap. He has a strong difference from the rest of the crew, as he must live in a separate room from the rest of the workers. He attempts to explain this to Lennie, "S'pose you didn't have nobody. S'pose you couldn't go into the bunk house and play rummy 'cause you was black. How'd you like that? S'pose you had to sit out here an' read books.

Are Iphones Making Us Stupid?

Bridgett Goss English 101 MWF 11-11:50 September 23, 2012 Dr. Barko Are IPhones Making Us Stupid? Have we become too depended on our portable technology? Some people, not just teenage girls, cannot function without having their phone in hand constantly. Technology is not a just product anymore, it is a lifestyle, and without it people honestly do not think that they will not make it. These smart phones have everything on them; you can access internet search sites, shopping net works, public networks, and so much more.People are so into their phones that they will look like complete idiots by running into things and sometimes seriously hurting themselves because they are so taken into by their phones. I know I am a person that depends on my phone for everything, even simple things like telling the time. My phone is my access to my family all the way back in Louisiana, that is how I not only get to talk to them but also get to see them by using Skype and other camera products.Without t exting and being able to communicate with other people that are across the country from me I will go crazy. I think that technology, especially smart phones, like the IPhone, they are an addiction. Like the article with Google, we are dependent on them, we do not retain information because all we have to do is type it in our phone or even talk to and ask our phone and we get a quick response.People’s phones are their source of work also, they have their entire work career on their phone, and in some cases also their personal lives. Is there anything we can do to fix our addiction to our phones? Hopefully it will not become much more of a problem than it already is, as a whole our civilization needs to understand that technology is a resource not a life solution.

Investment Analysis and Lockheed Tri Star

Investment Analysis and Lockheed Tri Star Group effort Total points: 100 (Course grade 25%) This case comprises four serially numbered stand-alone problems and the fifth one appears with the title of Lockheed Tri-Star. You are required to offer your calculations of values as indicated below. In addition to the calculations, write a brief summary of your findings in about 100 words for each problem. 1) Rainbow Products20 points | Machine Purchase| Machine plus service contract| Enhanced Machine| Payback period| 7 Years| 7. 78 Years| 7. 65 Years| NPV| ($945. 8)| $2,500. 00| $15,000. 00| IRR| 11. 49%| 12. 86%| 15. 43%| Decision (Yes/No)| NO| YES| YES| We would advise Rainbow Products to not purchase the paint-mixing equipment unless they decided take on the additional $500 per year expenditure to service the machine, or decided to reinvest 20% of the yearly cost savings back into new machine parts. Either of the last two options would benefit the company, unlike the first option, as the y provide both a positive Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) greater than the Cost of Capital.Although the last two options have longer Payback Periods than the first option, using Payback Period to make a determination in this example is not suitable because of the shortcomings of the method. 2) Concession Stand20 points Criteria| Add a new window| Update Equipment| New Stand| Rent| Any other option? – Wildcard – Add a New Window AND Update Existing Equipment| NPV ($)| $25,461. 91| $2,514. 18| $34,825. 76| $28,469. 88| $27,976. 08| NPV Rank – No WildcardNPV Rank – Wildcard| 34| 45| 11| 22| 3| IRR (%)| 34. 2%| 18. 01%| 31. 21%| 1207. 61%| 28. 10%| IRR Rank – No WildcardIRR Rank – Wildcard| 22| 45| 33| 11| 4| MIRR (%)| 26 . 77%| 16. 90%| 24. 82%| 255. 21%| 23. 01%| MIRR Rank – No WildcardMIRR Rank – Wildcard| 22| 45| 33| 11| 4| It would be in the best interest of the Concession Stand to either Build a New Stand, or Rent a Larger Stand. Under the NPV method, Building a New Stand would be the most beneficial option, with the Rent choice being the second best option.Under the IRR and MIRR methods, the Rent choice would be a clear favorite while the Building a New Stand choice would be the third most beneficial option. Their choice in which action to take would depend upon which methodology best aligned with their operational goals, although NPV is a more commonly used and trusted approach than IRR because of several issues that can derail IRR calculations. 3) MBATech, Inc. 20 points Alternative| Cost to the city ($)| Increase IRR to 25%| $122,103|Give 2-year payback| $256,522| NPV of $75,000 (at 20% discount)| $112,666| ARR of 40%| $173,913| Although the cost to the city could vary depending upon the timing of the subsidy payments due to the time value of money, our calculated costs reflect immediate payment of the subsidy during the initial investment period. With that said, the city w ould be wise in pursuing the NPV of $75,000 method as the cost of this method would be the least expensive of the four alternatives.An upfront payment to MBA Tech, Inc. , from the city, for $112,666 would be sufficient in pushing the NPV of the project to the $75,000 limit. The city should avoid the 2-year payback method if at all possible as this would have the greatest cost by a substantial margin. 4) Valu-Added Industries, Inc. 10 points NPV of the project| $100,000| Number of shares to be issued| 1,000| Price per share| $110. 00| By issuing 1,000 shares to the public at $10. 0 per share, Valu-Added Industries will be financing the entire project through investors. This action will also indicate to current stockholders that the future market value of the shares of stock of the company should be higher in value. With no further information, it would appear that both Valu-Added Industries, and their stockholders, would benefit from the organization taking on this opportunity, and t hat the value of the company would only increase by doing so. ) Lockheed Tri Star30 points At planned production levels of 210 units, what was the true value of the Tri star program? | ($584,048,126)| At planned production levels of 300 units, what was the true value of the Tri star program? | ($274,381,683)| At planned production levels of 323 units, what was the true value of the Tri star program? | ($206,205,933)| At what sales volume would the program reach true break even? | About 388|